Marketing and Unilever Bangladesh

CONTENTS 1. Abstracts 2. Objectives of the study 3. Methodology 4. Introduction 5. Analysis of the Marketing strategies 1. Segmentation 2. Targeting 5. 3 Positioning 6. Marketing mix 6. 1 Product 6. 2 Price 6. 3 Place 6. 4Promotion 6. 5 Packaging 6. 6 Public relation 6. 7 Publicity 6. 8 Politics 7. Recommendation 8. Bibliography Abstract Unilever's mission is to add Vitality to life. To meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life.Its deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world give them a strong relationship with consumers and the foundation for future growth. In this assignment, we are going to analyze the marketing strategies of Unilever Bangladesh for two of its brand which is: Rexona and Surf Excel. We are going to give an overall summary of the various marketing segmentation, targeting, positioning, promotion, distribution and many other marketing mixes of both rexona and su rf excel. Thus the main objective is to bring about a well organized summary and view of the positioning of these brands compared to its competitors.The corporate purpose of unilever states that to succeed requires â€Å"the highest standards of corporate behavior towards everyone we work with, the communities we touch, and the environment on which we have an impact. † Hence we are going to show how they have made these two brands as one of the top brands in the world. Objective of the study In this project our objective is to analyze the 4P’s of marketing i. e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion. We are also going to study how Unilever has targeted its market, segmented and positioned its self in the minds of the consumers in Bangladesh.Rexona- Rexona was originally created in Australia in 1900 by a pharmacist and his wife. Since then it has led the field by providing consumers with cutting-edge technology that is proven to deliver outstanding results. Rexona offers a wide range of highly effective antiperspirant deodorants to meet the everyday needs of men and women – everywhere. Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odour and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in the  toughest moments.The rexona deodarents available in bangladesh are: rexona acitv reserve, rexona ice-cool and rexona power. Surf Excel- Surf excel is the highest selling premium washing powder in Bangladesh. Over the years it has anticipated the changing washing needs of the Bangladeshi homemaker and constantly upgraded itself. Surf excel has been a pioneer in the country in encouraging others to let their children explore and discover the world around them. For any consequential stains there is Surf excel. Surf excel's advanced formula effectively removes dried in stains.The surf excels available in bangladesh are: Surf excel Pack, surf excel mini and surf excel large pack. METHO DOLOGY The focus of this preliminary study was to get the primary information from the copmany itself. Hence we paid a visit to the Unliver bangladesh company in Dhaka. We were escorted by a few of their officials and asked them a few of the basic questions which were the following: 1) How did you segment the brands? 2) whom or which group of people did you target? 3) what is the positioning of your brand? Hence a detailed questionnaire was developed in order to collect the required information from them.The second part of the information was collected via internet. We searched for the information in their site- www. unilever. com. bd and www. wikipedia. org. INTRODUCTION Unilever is one of the world’s largest and leading multinational companies; Unilever commenced their business activities on a larger scale by setting up their first factory in Netherlands, in the year of 1872. Operating in Bangladesh for over the last four decades the company is trying to significantly contr ibute towards the augmentation of the standard of living by bringing world class high quality products at the door step of their customers.The usage of Unilever products by over 80% of the people in Bangladesh stands a testimony to their successful operation. Constitution: Unilever – 60. 75% shares, Government of Bangladesh – 39. 25%. xad Their array of products show that they produce household care, fabric cleaning, skin cleansing, skin care, oral care, hair care, personal grooming, and tea based beverage products under worldwide famous brand names Wheel, LUX, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Pond's, Close Up, Sunsilk, Lipton, Lipton Taaza, Pepsodent, All Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, and Rexona.Analysis of the marketing strategies Unilever produces many products. Among all the products, we are going to concentrate on two of their products which are – REXONA and SURF EXCEL. Segmentation 1) Rexona: Rexona deodorant segments its product on the basis of demographic segmentation . Demographic segmentation consists of Gender, age, lifestyle, occupation, income etc. The users of Rexona are mostly the young people and those who go to offices regularly. 2) Surf Excel: SURF EXCEL is the highest selling detergent powder in Bangladesh.It does not go for traditional mass marketing. Moreover as a detergent powder SURF EXCEL does not even segment its market according to gender. Surf Excel detergent segment its product on the basis of geographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation consists of world regions, country, city, density etc. [pic] (Figur2. 1): Market Segments of Surf excel Figure 2. 1 shows that Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. segments their market according to geographical areas. The population of the country is segmented into three parts which are urban, sub urban and rural area consumers. Targeting ) Rexona: Rexona deodorant targets those people who have to go to office and those who spend a long time outside their house. Rexona target millions of people in lo w-income markets, such as Asia, to enjoy the brand's benefits via affordable mini-sticks, mini-roll-ons and sachets of deodorant. 2) Surf Excel: According to the segmentation unilever’s target market for Surf Excel is those families who has children and get their cloth dirty in all sorts of areas and need to wash them. This product is mostly used by those family which has children and need to wash cloths 4/5 time a week.Positioning 1) Rexona: With Rexona's unique body-responsive technology, which releases extra protection as you need it, you'll know that your deodorant won't let you down, giving you the confidence to face the day's challenges. From the above statement we can see that Rexona deodorant has positioned itself as number one deodorant brand in the country. Positioning Statement: â€Å"Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odor and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in the  toughest moments. 2) Surf Excel: Unilever Bangladesh Ltd obtained a good position in the buyers’ mind through better product attributes, price and quality, offering the product in a different way than the competitors do. The company offers improved quality of products in the industry at an affordable price with high branding, which ultimately helps to position the product in the buyers’ mind as the best quality detergent powder. The market share of the company in the detergent powder industry is somewhere around 43%.Since in the detergent powder industry all products are of same price Unilever cannot provide its consumers with better price but it is in a great position in reference with its packaging, fragrances and product designing. Marketing Mix Product SURF EXCEL falls under the category of toiletry product as a detergent powder. SURF EXCEL has three layers- Core benefit: Cleaning clothes Actual product: its color (white & blue powder), brand name (Surf Excel), fe atures (unique washing powder which clean clothes). Augmented product: Give surety of clean clothes perfectly.Rexona falls under the category of Cosmetics product as a deodorant. Rexona has three layers- Core benefit: provides a good body odor. Actual Product: flavor (ice cool, mini free spirit, active reserve), brand name (Rexona), styles (body spray & roll on). Augmented product: 24- hours’ freshness guarantee. Key facts ? world's largest deodorant in sales and market shares ? number 1 position across more than half the world ? proprietary body-responsive technology ? the only brand tailored to the individual needs of men and women PriceThough Unilever Bangladesh gives its Surf Excel & Rexona customers a lot in terms of the product itself, it cannot provide a better pricing. This is due to some constraints in the product industry. Surf Excel & Rexona is a product with a vulnerable demand in Bangladesh. A change in price has a high risk of creating price war among the rivals which will eventually cause a loss of profit. Its prices are almost equal to its competitor. Table 1 shows Surf Excel & Rexona price. Recently Unilever launched Surf Excel â€Å"Mini† which contains 20g detergent.Basically its launched for the lower class people. (Table 1): Surf Excel & Rexona price |Surf Excel |Rexona | |Weight |Price |Product |Price | |3 kg |430 Tk. |Activreserve (40g) |100 Tk | |500 g. |70 Tk |Ice Cool (40g) |110 Tk | |20 g. 3 Tk |Power (40g) |100 Tk | | |Free Spirit (40g) |120 Tk. | Place Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. has a huge distribution channel for Surf Excel & Rexona all over the country. The company has six huge warehouses, one in each division of Bangladesh, where the product goes after they are manufactured at Unilever’s factory. Table 2 shows the location of its six warehouses in Bangladesh. The company does not use its own fleet of transport for distributing its product.However, it has outsourced its distribution process to various third pa rty distributors, exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. These distributors then supply the product all over Bangladesh to a huge number of retailers. Even though Surf Excel & Rexona targets the sub urban middle and upper middle class people they are distributing their products all over Bangladesh because of a recent increase in demand of its product to all segments of the population. (Table 2): Location of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd’s Divisional Warehouses Division |Location of Warehouse | |Dhaka |Dhaka City | |Chittagong |Kalurghat Heavy I/A | |Sylhet |Sylhet City | |Rajshahi |Rajshahi City | |Khulna |Khulna City | |Barisal |Barisal City | Promotion Rexona & Surf Excel – Rexona deodorant and surf excel use television as the media of advertising. Most of the commercial advertisements are made in such a way so that the consumers are attracted to buy the product. Rexona & Surf Excel promotes itself by providing new advertisements and making its customer aware of the availability of its new and improved versions of the product. They also promote via billboard, magazines and leaflets. An advertisement of Sur Excel: [pic] Packaging Surf ExcelSurf excel is the highest selling premium washing powder in Bangladesh. Over the years it has anticipated the changing washing needs of the Bangladeshi homemaker and constantly upgraded itself. It has been constantly improving its packaging. It’s developing different shapes and sizes of colorful packages in order to attract the customers and retain customers. [pic][pic][pic] 3 kg 500g 20g Rexona Rexona has a unique bottle which is protected from dust, moisture and pollution. Rexona offers a wide range of highly effective antiperspirant deodorants to meet the everyday needs of men and women – everywhere.Rexona with its unique active ingredients provides 24-hours protection against body odour and underarm wetness to help keep one physically fresh and mentally confident, even in the  tough est moments. [pic][pic][pic][pic] Free Spirit Mini Ice Cool Ionic Mini Free Spirit Public Relation: Public relations are a major mass-promotion tool for an organization. Public relations (PR) are the practice of managing the flow of information between an organization and its publics. PR can be used to build rapport with employees, customers, investors, voters, or the general public. Common activities include speaking at conferences, working with the press, and employee communication. ShareholdersUnilever conducts its operations in accordance with internationally accepted principles of good corporate governance. It provides timely, regular and reliable information on the activities, structure, financial situation and performance to all shareholders. Distributor Unilever maintains a good relation with the distributors so that the products which they produce can easily reach to the consumers at convenient locations. With the help of distributors Unilever can also maintain its product price in such a way that it can also earn a marginal profit against it cost. Consumers Unilever is committed to providing branded products and services which consistently offer value in terms of price and quality, and which are safe for their intended use.Products and services are accurately and properly labeled, advertised and communicated. Publicity Unilever is distributing free sample of Rexona and Surf Excel â€Å"Mini packs† to the students of various universities for its publicity. Its also provide sponsorship to many programs and events (such as sports, reality shows, talent hunt etc. ) occurring throughout the country. Children celebrated the Surf Excel Daag Utsab, an innovative activation campaign, at Dhaka Residential Model College amid much enthusiasm. Over 3,000 students, aged 6 to 12, from 20 city schools took part in 15 fun games under three zones — Red, Blue and Orange — in two sessions.Surf Excel, a brand of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, organized the programme in association with Market Access. Politics Unilever maintains a cordial relationship with the government of Bangladesh. It has legal rights to operate in this country by abiding the laws and rules followed by the country. They pay taxes regularly and donate the government during natural calamities. RECOMMENDATION After studying on SURF EXCEL and REXONA we understood that the image of two brands in the market meet the customer needs regarding toiletries and cosmetics items. Though there existing other competitors but these two brands build up its core customer to fulfill the business objectives.In the current days Surf Excel is a common name used in about to every family due to its quality, price and its availability what is also true for Rexona. Besides this, there are some points to be followed to extend and strengthen the business- 1. The marketing strategy should be more attractive to compete with the market competitors (i. e. door to door selling). 2. The price, prom otion, and distribution channel should be favorable to the customers. 3. The advertising should be livelier that can touch the customers mind and satisfaction. 4. The packaging should be changed after a certain time interval. 5. Retail network should be improved to maintain the balanced business over the whole year. 6.The business performance should be such a level that can keep the company in the first place in the stock exchange chart. 7. To achieve the maximum selling the price should be offered with a minimum margin that can make the maximum customers target. 8. The corporate social responsibility should be properly maintained. Bibliography www. unilever. com. bd www. wikipedia. org http://www. unilever. com. bd/resources. /contactus. asp http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0BDW/is_20_42/ai_74699188/ www. unilever. com/brands/personalcarebrands/Rexona. aspx www. unilever. com. au/ourbrands/personalcare/rexona_products/default. asp —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Rural Poor Urban and Sub Urban Upper Middle and Middle Class Urban Rich

The Teen Pregnancy

Teen pregnancy wasn't always a problem. Even a hundred years ago, men and women married and started their families young: life expectancy was far shorter than it is today; school wasn't nearly as important or widely available; and young families conformed to the established social norm. However, today in the developed world, teen pregnancy is a problem that causes a wide range of social and economic problems. The United States leads the developed world in teen pregnancies, with over twice as many per year as Great Britain or Canada, four times as many as France, and ten times as many as Japan or the Netherlands (Popenoe). As many as 34% of all teenage girls become pregnant at least once before they are 20 years old, resulting in an astounding rate of 820,000 pregnancies a year. Nearly all of those pregnancies are out of wedlock and unwanted and so about half of those pregnancies result in abortion. Poverty and race are correlated with teen pregnancy, too, as teen mothers are more likely to be poor and remain poor if they start a family. Teen mothers are unlikely to finish high school: fewer than one-third of teen mothers receive their degree and a mere 1. 5% receive a college degree before they are 30 (â€Å"The National Campaign To Prevent Teen Pregnancy†). Additionally, teenage pregnancies frequently result in short- and long-term health problems for both mother and child. Long-term social effects include the perpetuation of poverty and the weakening of the economic muscle of the nation; clearly something must be done to prevent teen pregnancy in the United States. Many people believe mistakenly believe that sex education and birth control distribution will solve the epidemic of teen pregnancy. The underlying message is that if the birth control methods and education fails, then at least the teen can have an abortion to prevent starting a family. Sex education focuses on safe sex: the proper use of birth control devices including prophylactics and hormonal contraceptives. Barrier birth control devices like condoms can prevent sexually-transmitted diseases as well as pregnancies. Many schools, community and health centers distribute condoms for free to encourage teens to practice safe sex. The birth control approach to teen pregnancy is based on an assumption that teenagers are going to have sex no matter what, because sex is a natural biological instinct or because of peer pressure. By teaching safe sex, teachers and parents feel that at least they are minimizing the chances of causing a pregnancy or spreading a sexually transmitted disease. Sex education also eliminates the need to address the complex moral and psychological issues associated with teen pregnancy: issues that are controversial politically and difficult to discuss. In spite of the rationale behind the prophylactic approach to teen pregnancy, distributing birth control freely to teenagers will fail to solve the epidemic and in fact contributes to the problem of teen pregnancy. Telling teens that they should use birth control and then handing them birth control devices is frankly condoning and even encouraging premarital teen sex. The practice is irresponsible and irrational, because teen pregnancies are far more common now than they were in the 1960s, when birth control and sex education were not a part of the school curriculum. Moreover, sex education starts at a young age, in many cases before the young person is even interested in having sex, increasing the likelihood of misunderstanding, misinterpreting, or misapplying the information. In many cases students do not pay attention either. Contrary to what many people believe, teenagers in the modern industrialized world do not have the mental or emotional maturity to understand the ramifications of sexual intercourse. In the old days, teens married young and their pregnancies usually occurred within wedlock and in a socially-sanctioned setting. Now, teen pregnancies lead to social and economic problems. Furthermore, all birth control devices fail occasionally and many are difficult to use properly by adults, let alone inexperienced teens. At least half of all teen pregnancies result in abortion, which many teens begin to view as a form of backup birth control. The emphasis on birth control and sex education compound the underlying moral degeneracy that causes teen pregnancy in the United States, contributing to racial, gender, and social inequity, to poverty as to the denigration of life. Teaching abstinence is the only meaningful way to reduce teen pregnancy because teaching abstinence addresses the root causes of the problem and provides an effective long-term solution. Abstinence is not a religious idea or a superstitious idea; abstinence is a practical solution to a serious problem. Parents and teachers should teach abstinence first, before they teach children about birth control. Teaching abstinence now won't be easy because teens expect to have sex and because the media targeted at teens reinforces a view that having sex is normal, cool, and healthy. A message of abstinence goes against what teens see on television so many teens as well as adults may resist the idea. The idea of abstinence may be linked to religious beliefs and therefore many will construe the teaching as being biased. It's not biased. Teaching abstinence is a universal, practical, simple way to prevent teen pregnancies and the concurrent health, social, and economic problems that go along with it. Teaching abstinence requires a two-fold plan. First, abstinence must be taught from an early age, in school and at home. Second, abstinence teaching must be continued throughout junior and high school and reinforced through community messages and outreach. Teaching abstinence from an early age ensures that the individual will develop an emotional and cognitive framework that will last through their lives. When taught from an early age, abstinence becomes the norm, replacing sexual promiscuity or experimentation as the norm. Teaching abstinence at a young age, from late elementary school, is inexpensive and easy, requiring no special materials or funding. The education does not need to be presented from a religious perspective, but young students should learn about the moral and social ramifications of pregnancy so that they can independently choose abstinence when they reach puberty. Abstinence is a preventative teaching that must be reinforced throughout the pre-teen and teen years. Because they are influenced heavily by the media and by their peers, teenagers must receive continual guidance and support, and regular exposure to the message of abstinence. Therefore, abstinence education must continue into junior high and high school, if not in a formal class setting than through posters, pamphlets, and other accessible material. Parents must also participate by regularly talking to their teenage children, asking them questions about their social life, answering the teen's questions as honestly and frankly as possible. Basically, abstinence must become a state of mind, a new social norm. Reducing the alarming and embarrassingly high rate of American teen pregnancies requires not a more aggressive birth control campaign but a more systematic abstinence campaign. If we fail to teach abstinence soon, from an early age, and systematically, then teen pregnancies will continue to plague young American women, contributing to social and economic injustice as well as widespread health issues. All Americans can see the negative of teen pregnancy; it is a problem shared by all of us and therefore all of us are responsible for changing the underlying social norms that contribute to the problem and promoting abstinence.

Corruption in Public life Essay

If two or more persons meet together and start talking about the present society of India, they soon come to the conclusion that every system, every institution of India is infested with corruption. Corruption has become so common in public life. Corruption means perversion of morality, integrity, character of duty out of mercenary motives (e. g. bribery) without regard to honor, right or justice. Simultaneously, those who genuinely deserve those things as their right remain deprived. Corruption in public life is not a modern phenomenon. People no longer protest against corrupt practices, fight injustice or express any shock when big scandals are exposed. Corruption starts with those politicians, who run the state, come down to higher officials†¦ then to the lowest rung of bureaucratic hierarchy. Lastly, come to the general people’. Who elect the† corrupt people as their representatives’ and expect special favors from them. Corruption can be eradicated by a comprehensive code for ministers, members of legislature and political parties, – and such code should be strictly enforced; judiciary should be given more independence and initiative; law and order machinery should be allowed to work without political interference; a voluntary organization at national level should be established to break the vicious circle†¦ Our entire system is bound to collapse if we do not rise the occasion and face the glaring truth with courage, foresight and patience†¦ Global Warming and its Consequences Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface. increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and land use change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, troposphere ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanization, etc. Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. the impact of global warming is a matter of grave concern. As is well known, India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture here is gamble of the monsoon, e. g. largely depending on rainfall. Though it is to affect the whole country, the worst likely impact would be on central and northern India which is high-yielding parts of the country. These are the regions which produce the largest agricultural yield. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. In addition, forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i. . promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Public awareness campaign can be of great help in this regard because unless each and every individual is aware only governments’ effect cannot bring desired difference. Westernization of Indian Culture Westernization has greatly affected our traditions, customs, our family and our respect and love for others. The concept of joint families is remarkably decreasing and everyone wants to remain aloof from others. Nobody now bother about others and only cares about himself/herself which is totally contradictory to our Indian culture which depicts that, to be a part of each other Joys and Sorrows to celebrate the moments together and share the grief together. Day by day all our value for which India has the pride is vanishing & western culture is incubating in India with faster rate.

Financial markets subject Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial markets subject - Research Paper Example Our analysis relates to the determinable impacts of the GFC on the middle-eastern financial markets with specific focus on the financial markets of Qatar and other Gulf Cooperation Council members. The widely known cause of the recession is the collapsing of the housing bubble in the US in 2006; the bubble was created as a result of lenient credit terms and easy initial availability of housing mortgages, based on the perception that property prices are always likely to appreciate. The initiation of easy credit was made by certain US based banks following the inflow of funds from the booming Asian markets. Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs), that were relatively recent financial instruments, promised residential properties as the security against default; this gave further incentive to the banks to lend out customized loans. The collapse, which resulted from rising interest rates leading to a multitude of defaults, caused a significant drop in the prices of securities that were co llateralized with the housing market. This, in turn, resulted in several financial institutions facing the risk of solvency as speculations regarding huge liquidity shortage rose, causing a great stir in the stock markets world-wide, ending up in record-setting lows (Rashwan, 2012). However several economists debate that financial markets in the middle-east, specifically the GCC countries, were somewhat shielded from the devastative impact that certain Western economies faced. Our analysis will highlight reasons on whether it would be fair to conclude this and if so, on what grounds can we claim economies relating to the gulf cooperation council as any different. Project Objectives: To present a brief reasoning behind the Global Financial Crises 2007-2009 To assess the difference between the impact of the Global Financial Crises on the western markets and in the GCC Countries To determine reasons why the financial markets in Qatar and other GCC countries responded to the crises diff erently To assess whether Islamic financing investments have a contribution to the lesser risk exposure of the gulf markets To draw conclusions on whether there are possibilities for western markets to open up avenues of introducing alternative financial instruments following the impact of the GFC Literature Review: We intend on looking up related literature in order to analyze the impact of the GFC on the middle-eastern financial markets, to devise a conclusive analysis on what factors were responsible for the relevant markets to react differently than most of the West, and to formulate deductive reasoning on whether an alternative form of financial instruments might prove to be a securer investment on the macroeconomic level. To obtain supporting information we will take assistance from a combination of primary as well as secondary sources of information, focusing primarily on related articles and scholarly journals. With the GFC being one of the major contributors for financial d ownturns in history, we hope to obtain appropriate market information that will be sufficient enough for us to reach conclusive grounds by the end of

Developmental psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

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Booker T Washington and W.E.B bois Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Critical Reviews of Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Reviews of Literature - Essay Example This resource is relevant to my study because it highlights that investigation on appraisal has brought up matters concerning the validity of English language learning classification practices and policies. It goes on to argue that incorrect classification of English language learners can cause unfounded evaluation and coverage, and inapt levels of instruction. These concerns can play a part in the inconsistent representation of English language learning in special education course groups. Moreover, the objectives of the resource are to assess matters associated to the soundness of present English language learners sorting and confer how this information may be utilized to enhance imminent English language learning classifications systems, empirical indication of the validity of English language learning classification, and a profound debate of the proposition of the study (Abedi, 2008). Dekhinet, R. (2008). Online enhanced corrective feedback for ESL learners in higher education. Co mputer Assisted Language Learning, 21 (5), 409-425. This case study looked at the usefulness of online enhanced corrective feedback for English as second language learners. The research utilized both qualitative and quantitative strategies. The study utilized both and end-project survey and assessment of discussions of peer tutors and students. This study is connected to my study in that one of the contributors, Dekhinet, remarked that the work supports the employment of technology to advance language learning but a small number of researches reported on the quality of relations for English as second language learners. The research was established to evaluate the quality of online discussions, the perceptions of students, and their challenges. Those who took part in the research were taken from the Language Centre of the University of Dundee. The participants were made up of Indian, Italian, and Chinese learners. In addition, instructors were taken from the University of Dundee. A l arge number of the instructors came from Scotland and were highly knowledgeable in online and technology instructions. Moreover, the research relates to my study because it asserts that investigations have indicated that extra social connection is essential in advancing language acquisition. Online enhanced corrective feedback for English encourages tutoring for learners to acquire language techniques by using Vygotsky’s theory where proficient students scaffold unskilled students. Online techniques comprise email and instant messaging. Instant messaging utilized approaches from negotiated meaning. This is where peers and learners comprehend things by modified interaction (Dekhinet, 2008). Diaz-Rico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners. New York: Pearson. The book provides approaches meant to furnish instructors to work with English language learners, harmonizing elementary principles with realistic class room approaches. In addition, this resource is connect ed to my topic of study as it gives background standards underlying the socio-cultural, linguistic, and cultural contexts and basis of learning, together with a wide range of class room techniques for English language development in computer-aided instruction, listening, reading, writing, and speaking. In a similar way as learners, technology can be effectively utilized with English lang

Teams and Groups Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teams and Groups - Case Study Example The market for timber is price-competitive and products are differentiated by their presentation and appearance. Thus customers have started to shift to the other competitors who produce similar products but of a greater quality for the same price. The activity within the packaging team of adopting time-loss pattern has become a norm to this particular work team. Thus, all temporary workers when given a chance to become part of the packaging team adopts this norm. Management can change the supervisors and instead of allowing the sawmill supervisor to overseer the packaging department choose a supervisor from packaging instead. This will assist in the empowerment of the workers when workers feel empowered they produce better. In addition, a supervisor from the packaging department would understand the culture and be able to make changes to the norm easier than an outsider. The overtime costs which would be cut can be used to provide additional incentives to this department. In order to arrest the decline in the mill’s ratings management can perhaps use the overtime money which will be reduced to use more than one supervisor in this department. One for the general overseeing of production and one for the testing of the quality of the finished products. The market for timber is price-competitive and products are differentiated by their presentation and appearance therefore Treetop must begin to differentiate based on sound quality and good appearance again. Treetop’s management can divide the packaging department into teams and allow there to be competition amongst the teams for improvement in productivity. Competition would create a focus for the team and motivate them to produce at their best. Consequently, the overall costs should begin to decline when workers begin to produce optimally due to

Nepenthes Rafflesiana trap structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nepenthes Rafflesiana trap structure - Essay Example Keywords: Nepenthes Rafflesiana, Pitcher trap Nepenthes Rafflesiana of genus Nepenthes which belong to the family of Nepenthaceae are one of the most famous carnivorous plants having pitcher traps (Slack & Gate, 2000). Nepenthes have a total of more than 100 species with the bulk of species populated along the islands of Borneo and Sumatra (Bonhomme et al., 2011). Nepenthes pitcher plants including Nepenthes Rafflesiana have also developed specific adaptations like all other carnivorous plants due to lack of nutrients. This nutrient deficiency is a result of the habitat in which these plants grow and they are mostly dependant on insect derived nitrogen (Gaume, Gorb & Rowe, 2002). As a result Nepenthes have these pitcher traps in order to catch and trap insects and then getting the nourishment by digestion and absorption. The structural architecture of the traps of Nepenthes Rafflesiana varies according to the geometry and surface features (Gaume et al., 2002). The pitcher trap is gen erally composed of three distinct parts (Gaume & Di Giusto, 2009). The three parts named as peristome, waxy zone and digestive zone are all involved in their respective functions of attention, capture and digestion. A lid known as operculum is present above the peristome. The lid prevents the rain water from accumulating inside the pitcher and thus helps to prevent nutrient loss. According to Di Guisto et al. (2010) Nepenthes Rafflesiana show heteroblastic development defined by pitcher dimorphism according to their growth and maturity. Terrestrial pitchers or lower pitchers are linked to the young species whereas the aerial or upper pitchers are associated with the mature and climbing life forms. The two pitchers thus also show different characteristics. While the aerial pitchers are elongated, shaped like a trumpet and greenish yellow in colour the terrestrial pitchers are more winged shaped, globular and reddish green in colour. Aerial pitchers have an approximate length of 3-12 inches while terrestrial pitchers are around 3-10 inches long. The pitcher traps mostly develop during summer. Although most leaves have a trap it is not a necessity that a leave must have a pitcher trap. Often due to lack of light, low humidity or difficulties in cultivation might cause a leaf to not develop a pitcher trap. The initial sign of pitcher formation is a swelling on the tendril of a recently formed leaf. Leading towards maturity this minute swelling becomes filled with air and the first sign of colouring appears on it. A few days after the variegation appears, the lid of the pitcher opens and they become operational. In a week time the walls of the pitcher strengthen and they finally become completely mature. The pitcher trap consists of a mouth and a body. A hard, glistening and rounded collar or rim makes up the mouth of the trap (Bauer and Federle, 2009). This rim is frequently furrowed with very apparent and obvious parallel ribs. Each and every rib ends inside the mouth in a very sharp downward direction. The angles created due to this downward pointing, house single nectar secreting glands between them. The body of these traps also varies from pitcher to pitcher. The body is more or less like a cylinder with a rounded base. The lower half of the body is often more bell shaped than the rest of

Chronic Pancreatitis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chronic Pancreatitis - Term Paper Example General Description Chronic Pancreatitis (CP) is a heterogeneous, progressive disorder of the pancreas characterized by a spectrum of symptoms pain, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and pancreatic damage leading to significant loss of both endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas (Witt and associates, 2007; DiMagno & Dimagno, 2006). Pathology involves fibrosis in the pancreatic parenchyma that manifests irregularly. Other organs in the vicinity are also affected as consequence of the disease that may commence as an individual or a group of symptoms resulting from functional impairment of pancreas. The major clinical symptom of the disease is recurring or persistent pain within the abdomens. The chief cause of CP in the western world is alcohol abuse leading to alcoholic calcific pancreatitis (ACP). The other form of CP known as tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP) prevalent in tropical countries is of uncertain etiology (Lee, 2011). Based on the risk factors CP is classified by the TIGAR-O (Toxic-metabolic, Idiopathic, Genetic, Autoimmune, Recurrent and severe acute, Obstructive) classification system (Nair tet al., 2007). Figure 1: Anatomy of the pancreas (http://www.britannica.com/bps/media-view/68636/1/0/0) Pancreas: Normal Physiology Pancreas is a retroperitoneal structure in the upper abdomen that can broadly be divided into head, body, and tail (figure 1). A major portion of pancreatic tissue comprises of acini (80%) that are responsible for the exocrine functions of the pancreas. Groups of aciniform spherical lobules that are interspersed with connective tissue. The central ducts of each lobule in which the secretions of the surrounding acinar cells accumulate, join to extralobular ducts that finally drain into the main pancreatic duct. The main pancreatic duct carrying the secreted digestive enzymes enters the hepatopancreatic ampulla along with bile duct. At the duodenal papilla, the enzymes enter the duodenum (Adda et al., 1984). The endocrine functions of the pancreas are performed by the richly vascularized islets of Langerhans. The islets of Langerhans comprise of beta, alpha and delta cells that secrete hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin respectively. The most abundant beta cells (73-75%) are centrally located and are surrounded by alpha cells (18-20%) and delta cells (4-6%). The rich vascularization allows for the transfer of hormones from the islets while the specific arrangement of the alpha, beta and delta cells allows paracrine regulation of hormones. Thus high concentrations of the insulin secreted by the central beta cells inhibit glucagon release from the peripheral alpha cells. The venous blood flow from the islets of Langerhans reaches the hepatic portal vein, rendering the liver the prime target for the impact of pancreatic hormones. The rich innervations of the pancreas ensure the release of several neurotransmitters in the pancreas that regulate the release and concentrations of hormones (Case, 200 6). During normal physiology, in the basal state, the secreted pancreatic fluid is mildly alkaline comprising a few proteins. Gastric distension and acid production during eating stimulate duodenal S cells causing the release of secretin. Under the influence of the secretin, a large quantity of the bicarbonate-rich watery liquid or the hydraulic secretion is released from the ductal cells of the smaller ducts.  

Why Drinking Age Should Be Lowered by Ruth C. Engs Essay

Why Drinking Age Should Be Lowered by Ruth C. Engs - Essay Example Some points have been presented by the author in his article â€Å"Why drinking age should be lowered: An opinion based upon research, and it is important to scrutinize some of these points to be able to come up with clear picture about the issue being talked about. Ages 18 to 19 must be the legal age for drinking among the young adult and they must be allowed to drink in public establishment or even in some of the officially functions of schools and universities. However, in this manner, young people could be taught through educational programs and is expected to be mature when it comes to drinking behavior. Nevertheless, this is based upon the research of the author in his more than twenty years of involvement in the college of youth and the history of drinking in the United States as well as other cultures. Despite the fact that the age 21 is the legal age to purchase alcohol, irresponsible manner in consuming alcohol is manifested among the young adult below this age. Furthermore, some of the considerations given to the young adult for drinking were, drinking is inviting, manifestations of rebellion from the authority, and a symbol of adulthood. Current law prohibiting drinking below the age of 21 proves to be not working just like all the laws that existed in the past (1850’s and 1920’s), these laws were found to be hard to enforce and repercussions cause social problems just the same as to what had occurred in the past. Prohibitions through laws are not working on the young adult under the age of 21. Considering the existence of the law, there is a bigger percentage of drinkers that is below the age of 21: 32% of the students are heavy drinkers compared to 21 years of age and above which is only 24%. Even before the implementation of the purchase laws in 1987, research shows up to the present the decreased in the drinking and driving related accident and this is because of the education given with regard to drunk driving, increased in seatbelts, and lower speed limits. However, Along with the decrease of the accidents during that time was the increased on the problem related to heavy and irresponsible drinking among the college student’s ages below 21 are manifested such as 46% of drinking student heavily rise to 50%, 9% cutting class after drinking rise to 12%, 26% absentees because of hangover rise to 28%, and the 12% students getting the lower grade rise to 17%. The reason behind the

Economics of the movie business Essay Example for Free

Economics of the movie business Essay Most of the movies that are eventually released are cofinanced. This is a term that is used within the movie industry to describe those films for which there are more than one firm that share both the cost of production as well as the revenues. Nearly one-third of all the movies that are released are cofinanced. Various studies have shown that the main reason for cofinancing is to manage and share risk. Most of the major studios are in the category of publicly traded firms where the investors are free to carry out their own diversification decisions. Not always is the cofinancing decision related to the movie returns as the studios rarely cofinance highly risky films1. Demand is difficult to predict and thus financial risk remains to be a characteristic of the film industry since most of the cost is incurred long before the demand can be actualized. It’s thus the reason that most of the authors in this field have argued that the key variable that shapes the industry is the financing strategy adopted. Mainly, there are three ways in which cofinancing would reduce risk associated with the movie production. First, the cofinancing of the relatively risky films by the studios would give them the opportunity to participate in the less risky projects. Second, cofinancing would allow studios to fine tune their portfolios thus gaining the advantage of covariances of the gains across the movies. The third advantage of cofinancing is the simple law of large numbers to share a potential loss . Data collection The data to be used here in this paper is the information provided forth in Goettler, R. L and Leslie, P. (2004) where information on over 3,826 movies was exhibited in the US between 1987 to 2000. The primary source of the data was the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The analysis focused mainly on ownership choices of the major studios. Out of the 3,826 movies examined, 1,305 were produced by the major studios. The analysis here focuses on ownership choices that have been made by the major studios. Movie profitability has been based on the return on investment, RIO, which is defined as the revenue divided by the cost. Revenue in this case was measured as the North America box office revenue and cost was obtained from the production budget. Film’s negative cost, which is the standard measure of production cost was also used. Other cost such as advertising are in most cases proportional to the cost of production and were thus not evaluated in this kind of study. Thus the ROI evaluated here was basically the relative profitability of the films but not the absolute profitability. Also the measure of revenues in this study excluded some revenues such as foreign box and video revenue. It would be ideal to use all the revenue sources but the approach would have limited the number of films in the analysis as most of this kind of data is only available only to a subset of films. At the same time limiting the analysis only to the films with this kind of extra data may introduce selection bias as most of this data maybe limited to the successful films only1. Identification of cofinanced films The listing of a production company is the first sign that there are cofinancing partners but this is not a sufficient condition. The most important criteria is to know if a firm contributes towards the production cost. Its worth to note that a firm can be credited for having contributed into the production company of a film after initiating then selling the project to a major studio even without retaining revenue shares. This kind of arrangement referred to as â€Å"first-look deal† is common between a semi-independent production company and a studio in a long-term relationship. The criteria used here in determining if a film is cofinanced is that first if a major studio is on the list of the production company for a certain film, then the assumption is that the studio has some ownership stake in the film. Second, Variety magazine was a source of those firms with the first-look deals from the â€Å"Facts on Pacts† list and those that are equity partners. The assumption here was that a firm was a joint owner if it was on the production company list and also on the equity partner2. For those movie that an independent firm and a major studio cofinanced, the question of whether either of these two had the option of being sole-owner remains. In simple term, one may also question which among the two firms initiated the entire project? The available information suggest that the studio usually has the mandate to decide if it will co-own or just be a sole-owner. This kind of decision called â€Å"greenlighting† is usually made during decision point of whether to make the movie or not. Complications do arise like when two companies have the same subsidiary structure such as having the same parent company and at the same time end up owning the same movie. In such cases, it was assumed that the movie was not cofinanced since the production divisions happen to work as integrated components of the parent studio rather than as being competitors. Another point of ownership ignored was the cases where the directors or the star actors negotiate a part of the movie revenues. This was so because most of this happens as a result of the directors/actors strong bargaining power to have a share of the revenue once the movie is successful rather than a strong will to share and manage risk.

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer Dietary Changes

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer Dietary Changes Discuss how dietary modification represents a platform for the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer Abstract Gastric cancer provides a good alternative to show the association of pathogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract and dietary modification. High salt intake and n-nitroso compounds have been identified in having a very strong relationship in the promotion of gastric cancer. The synergy between Helicobacter pylori and these dietary modifications elevates the chances of gastric cancer. Salt consumption leads to the inflammation of the stomach lining and it increases the colonisation of Helicobacter pylori which can cause the upregulation of iNos, COX-2 and CagA which cause increase the risk of gastric cancer. Similarly, H.pylori increases the chances of the formation of the carcinogenic n-nitroso compounds via increase nitrosation. Also, the reduction of Vitamin C, which acts as a free radical scavenger causes an increase in nitrosation which can ultimately increase gastric cancer. Ultimately, dietary modifications do play an integral role in the pathogenesis in gastrointestinal cancer.    Introduction Absorption, motility and digestion are some of the major physiological processes which take place in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the association modification of diet may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancer. The gastrointestinal tract starts from the alimentary canal in the mouth to the anus provides a vast opportunity to explore the relationship between dietary modification and different types of cancers. However, focusing on one specific cancer allows the identification of the depth in which dietary modification can provide a stable preventive mechanism. Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the world. (1) It is the third most common cause of cancer mortality due to the overall late symptoms being identified and therefore, lower prognosis.(1) Therefore it is imperative that dietary modification is implemented so that there is early prevention of gastric cancer and a higher life expectancy. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a known carcinogenic, which increased the risk of gastric cancer via chronic inflammation. (2) H. pylori situates in the stomach and this is a strong link between diet and gastric cancer as it can directly affect the microenvironment of the stomach. Salt Sodium is one of the most important electrolytes in the modulation of plasma osmolality and body fluid volume. (3) The regulation of sodium in the body was much easier 5000 years ago, as the dietary sodium levels were much lower than modern times; Salt is now more exposed in our diet and it is often used in preservation techniques. (4) understanding some of the mechanism in which salt is used in the development in food may allow the association between gastric cancer and salt to be identified; high sodium concentrations in the stomach has been associated with inflammation and mucosal damage; this is turn may cause an increase in mutation and increase proliferation of cells leading to gastric cancer. REF Mechanisms There are many mechanisms which show the link between salt intake and gastric cancer. Infection of bacteria like H. pylori and high dietary salt intake can cause inflammation, leading to a higher rate of colonisation of H. pylori. (5) The high salt intake caused a decrease in gland mucous cell mucin. (6) A rat study showed that high dietary salt intake leads to a reduction in the cell yield and an increase in cells which were in the S phase. This increases the cancer risk as it increases the chances of mutations and therefore formation of gastric cancer. (7) In gerbils, in the presence of H. pylori and high dietary salt, the upregulation of iNOS and COX-2. (8) This upregulation has been theorised to enhance the effect of H. pylori and subsequently promote the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. (9) In addition, high salt intake also leads to the upregulation of CagA which enables the gene to be able to promote H.pylori with the ability to alter the function of the parietal cells.(10) Hig h salt intake can also consequently induce hypergastrinemia. (6) The combination of H. pylori and hypergastrinemia may lead to the progression of gastric cancer as it may contribute to a decrease in parietal cells. Humans contain two types of gastric mucins: surface mucous cell mucin (SMCM) and gland mucous cell mucin (GMCM).(11) A study by Hidaka et al (12), showed that H.pylori only attached to the surface mucous epithelial cells. The penetration of only one type of gastric mucin is due to the upregulation of the GMCM against the H.pylori infection. (13) This displays that there are two mechanisms in which salt can potentially increase the risk of gastric cancer. A direct mechanism is the increase in cell proliferation due to the mucosal injury by the H. pylori. The indirect mechanism is to provide support in the immediate environment of the stomach to increase colonization of H. pylori. A study by Furihata et al (14) showed that there was damage to the gastric tissue when hypotonic NaCl solution was administered. Although the damage was temporarily and the tissue was back to its original state within one-two days, it is important to consider that prolonged exposure to high salt intake will c ause excessive damage and therefore increased the risk of carcinogenesis in the gastric tissue. Epidemiological case cohort studies Kato et al. (6) demonstrates that salt does support gastric malignancies in a dose-dependent factor when H. pylori is present. Although this result was achieved in an animal study, this relationship can be used to express the idea that a reduction in salt and salty food can decrease gastric cancer in humans. Therefore, considering a study by Tsugane et al. (15) up to 12% of salt is consumed in dietary sources such as pickled vegetables, preserved fish and salted fish. The synergistic behaviour of salt with H. pylori exposes the importance in the prevention of a high dietary salt intake to prevent the onset of gastric cancer. DElia et al (16) showed that moderately-high and high salt intake increased the chances of gastric cancer by 41% and 68% respectively, when compared to low salt intake. Japanese individuals who were habitually inclined to consume salt-rich foods had a higher risk of gastric cancer; with the consumption of pickled foods, salted fish and processed meats, there was an increased risk of 27% , 24% and 24% respectively. (16) A study showed that the association with individuals having a gastric cancer screening is lower in individuals with higher salt intakes.(17) Therefore, in this epidemiology study, it can be identified that the Korean population may not be aware of the consequences of a high salt diet; Therefore, a better delivery in the consequences of dietary salt intake may lead to more gastric cancer screening and potentially show an indirect decrease in the rate of gastric cancers in the population. N-nitroso compounds N-nitroso compounds (nocs) are found both in exogenous sources as well as endogenous synthesis in the body; exogenous synthesis is based upon the consumption of food sources such as processed meat and pickled vegetables. (18) The endogenous synthesis of nocs take place via nitrosation of amides by nitrite based nitrosation gents. (19) The endogenous synthesis is potentially caused by the haem group in red meat. (20) Nocs have been found to be carcinogenic (18); this allows us to have an insight into mechanisms in which carcinogenic compounds may interact in the stomach and cause gastric cancer. Mechanisms The mechanisms which link nocs and nitration described allows a powerful insight into some of the potential processes that are modulated in the prognosis and progression of gastric cancer; this allows us to identify the food sources that may potentiate the advancement of gastric cancer and therefore allow dietary modification to prevent gastric cancer. There are several mechanisms which allow nitrosation and consequently the formation of nocs to take place. Firstly, nitrosation is more likely to take place in a more acidic stomach. (21) There is also synergy of nitrosation at low vitamin C levels. (21) Secondly, inflammatory conditions are developed in the stomach in the presence of H. pylori when nitrosation takes place. (22) Lastly, Individuals who are exposed to high concentrations of nocs have a higher potential risk in acquiring gastric cancer (18). Epidemiological case cohort studies A study by Jakszyn et al. (23) has shown an increase in faecal nocs with the consumption of red meat. This has been observed by the reaction involving haemoglobin and myoglobin which reacts with nitric oxide to produce nocs which exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The results show that H. pylori infection increases nitric oxide due to the bacterial response being counteracted by macrophages; this will in effect cause an increase in nitrosation due to the high nitric oxide concentrations and subsequently allow high colonisation of h pylori. The red meat therefore does increase the risk of gastric cancer and this is also supported by other studies. (24) Having high levels of vitamin C may potentially prevent the onset of gastric cancer as it acts as a free radical scavenger and it enhances the mucosal formation; This reduces the synthesis of nocs and inhibits the optimum environment for H. pylori reducing cell proliferation of H. pylori. (25) The H. pylori counteracts this by c ausing inflammation of the stomach, causing a decrease of in the secretion of vitamin C in the lumen. (25) This exemplifies the synergistic relationship between reduced vitamin C levels and H. pylori in causing gastric acid; hence an increase in vitamin C should theoretically reduce the colonisation of H. pylori as well as the formation of nocs. A study by Xu et al. (18) shows the association between gastric cancer and nocs accurately using cofactors from endogenous nitrosation. The precursors of nocs such as nitrite, nitrate and 4 nocs were measured in urine. Firstly, the results showed a strong significant positive correlation with urinary nitrate and the risk of gastric cancer risk with negative igG antibodies for H. pylori. (18) Secondly, there were also increased levels of nitrite with the presence of H. pylori. (18) Finally, it also showed a link between alcohol consumption and some specific nocs. (18) The results highlight that there is a direct relationship between the formation of nocs and pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The addition of H. pylori synergistically allows the advancement of nitrosation and formation of nocs in the stomach. It also showed that decreased alcohol consumption may lead to a decrease in the formation of gastric cancer as there would be less carcinogenic nocs forming. Interestingly, this stud y has also shown a significantly inverse association with pickled vegetables and urinary nitrate levels. (18) Pickled vegetables contain nitrate reductase which can reduce nitrate to nitrite; Thereby causing a reduction in the nitrosation process, leading to less nocs synthesised. (18) Ultimately, this study shows the significant relationship between exogenous dietary sources such as red meat, alcohol should be limited to prevent gastric cancer. Conclusion The association between dietary modification and the prevention of gastric cancer is very high. Avoiding processed meat such as red meat which are high in n-nitroso compounds and food sources which are high in dietary salt can prevent damage to the mucosal lining of the stomach and prevent mutations. Interestingly, pickled vegetables have specifically shown many implications in the prevention of gastric cancer. Although, pickled vegetables do have a high salt intake and therefore would increase the risk of gastric cancer by inflammation of the mucosal lining, it does contain a bacteria called nitrate reductase which is able to reduce the processes of nitrosation, enabling less carcinogenic n-nitroso compounds to form and therefore, a decrease the number of mutagenic events in the stomach. This highlights variation of dietary modification as they may play a different role in different mechanistic pathways in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary modification consequently can provide a s trong supportive role in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer by the effects seen in the microcosm of the stomach. References 1. World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and stomach cancer. 2016; 2. Sepulveda AR. Helicobacter, Inflammation, and Gastric Cancer. Curr Pathobiol Rep. 2013 Mar 2;1(1):9-18. 3. Antunes-Rodrigues JJ, de Castro M, Elias LLK, Valenca MM, McCann SM, Valenà §a MM, et al. Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2004;84(1):169-208. 4. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, Hill K. The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar;56 Suppl 1:S42-52. 5. Fox JG, Dangler CA, Taylor NS, King A, Koh TJ, Wang TC. High-salt diet induces gastric epithelial hyperplasia and parietal cell loss, and enhances Helicobacter pylori colonization in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Res. 1999;59(19):4823-8. 6. Kato S, Tsukamoto T, Mizoshita T, Tanaka H, Kumagai T, Ota H, et al. High salt diets dose-dependently promote gastric chemical carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils associated with a shift in mucin production from glandular to surface mucous cells. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(7):1558-66. 7. Charnley G, Tannenbaum SR. Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of sodium chloride on gastric cancer risk in the rat. Cancer Res. 1985;45(11 II):5608-16. 8. Toyoda T, Tsukamoto T, Hirano N, Mizoshita T, Kato S, Takasu S, et al. Synergistic upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric mucosa of mongolian gerbils by a high-salt diet and Helicobacter pylori infection. Histol Histopathol. 2008;23(5):593-9. 9. Nozaki K, Shimizu N, Inada K, Tsukamoto T, Inoue M, Kumagai T, et al. Synergistic promoting effects of Helicobacter pylori infection and high-salt diet on gastric carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002 Oct;93(10):1083-9. 10. Loh JT, Torres VJ, Cover TL. Regulation of Helicobacter pylori cagA expression in response to salt. Cancer Res. 2007 May 15;67(10):4709-15. 11. Ota H, Katsuyama T. Alternating laminated array of two types of mucin in the human gastric surface mucous layer. Histochem J. 1992;24(2):86-92. 12. Hidaka E, Ota H, Hidaka H, Hayama M, Matsuzawa K, Akamatsu T, et al. Helicobacter pylori and two ultrastructurally distinct layers of gastric mucous cell mucins in the surface mucous gel layer. Gut. 2001;49:474-80. 13. Matsuzwa M, Ota H, Hayama M, Zhang MX, Sano K, Honda T, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection up-regulates gland mucous cell-type mucins in gastric pyloric mucosa. Helicobacter. 2003 Dec;8(6):594-600. 14. Furihata C, Ohta H, Katsuyama T. Cause and effect between concentration-dependent tissue damage and temporary cell proliferation in rat stomach mucosa by NaCl, a stomach tumor promoter. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(3):401-6. 15. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S. Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(1):128-34. 16. DElia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(4):489-98. 17. Shin JY, Kim J, Choi KS, Suh M, Park B, Jun JK. Relationship between salt preference and gastric cancer screening: An analysis of a nationwide survey in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):1037-44. 18. Xu L, Qu YH, Chu X Di, Wang R, Nelson HH, Gao YT, et al. Urinary levels of N-nitroso compounds in relation to risk of gastric cancer: Findings from the Shanghai cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):1-16. 19. Calmels S, Ohshima H, Rosenkranz H, McCoy E, Bartsch H. Biochemical studies on the catalysis of nitrosation by bacteria. Carcinogenesis. 1987 Aug;8(8):1085-8. 20. Lunn JC, Kuhnle G, Mai V, Frankenfeld C, Shuker DEG, Glen RC, et al. The effect of haem in red and processed meat on the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28(3):685-90. 21. Suzuki H, Iijima K, Moriya a, Mcelroy K, Scobie G, Fyfe V, et al. Conditions for acid catalysed luminal nitrosation are maximal at the gastric cardia. Gut. 2003;52(8):1095-101. 22. Mirvish SS. Role of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and N-nitrosation in etiology of gastric, esophageal, nasopharyngeal and bladder cancer and contribution to cancer of known exposures to NOC. Cancer Lett. 1995;93(1):17-48. 23. Jakszyn P, Bingham S, Pera G, Agudo A, Luben R, Welch A, et al. Endogenous versus exogenous exposure to N-nitroso compounds and gastric cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST) study. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(7):1497-501. 24. Gonzà ¡lez CA, Jakszyn P, Pera G, Agudo A, Bingham S, Palli D, et al. Meat intake and risk of stomach and esophageal adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Mar 1;98(5):345-54. 25. Zhang ZW, Farthing MJ. The roles of vitamin C in Helicobacter pylori associated gastric carcinogenesis. Chin J Dig Dis. 2005;6(2):53-8.

The definition of leadership and mentoring

The definition of leadership and mentoring Leadership and mentoring can be two different terms that are either related or unrelated. You can be a protà ©gà © and not be a leader at that time. You can be a mentor and be in an administrative position. You can be a leader and never mentor but that would be a shame. A quality of both a mentor and a leader is advising or training the next generation of librarians or retraining veteran librarians. Mentoring is a growth experience on both sides. What does leadership and mentoring mean? According to The American Heritage Dictionary, leadership is defined as the position or office of a leader or the capacity to lead. Mentoring means a wise and trusted counselor and teacher. Remember that librarians mentor a patron how to use online catalog or electronic database. We may not have the title of a teacher, but our profession is teaching. I believe leadership goes with mentoring. A mentor helps you to become a better leader at any stage in leadership. Leaders become mentors; and you can be mentored and be mentoring another person at the exact same time. You may not even be aware that you are mentoring. Until it was pointed out to me, I did not realize that I was mentoring another staff member. When she left her position, she told me how grateful she was that I encouraged her to get a Library Technical Assistant certificate and go on the finish her Bachelors Degree. She is now applying to graduate schools in Library Science. Does the dictionarys definition leave out some elements when defining leadership? Leadership means being able to lead, wanting to lead and teaching others to lead. A leader needs to have some key characteristics to be able to be an effective leader: the ability to write agendas, run meetings, set goals and objectives, create business plans and motivate followers and other leaders. Other qualities/skills that a leader needs are being able to manage people and processes: to be able to lend a hand when needed, knowing when an extra hand is needed, knowing when to push people harder, knowing when to slow people down. Are you lacking some of these? Do you really know that you do or do not have these qualities? How do you get these characteristics or skills to become a mentor or a better leader? Where do you find opportunities to be leader and to be a mentor? The primary opportunity that everyone thinks of first for mentoring and leadership skills is the workplace. However, there are many other settings, such as an adult civic organization, a youth/child civic organization, society/religious organization, and professional organizations, where leadership and mentoring opportunities exist. Where do you find these? Use the Internet, phonebook, town hall, a librarys bulletin board, a grocerys bulletin board, college newsletters and bulletin boards or just ask people in your community what organizations exist. Mentoring and leadership can happen in your daily personal life, work life and in your community. You can also be a leader and follower in the same situation. There are many organizations out there in the international community. The one that I know well is the United States Jaycees (part of the Junior Chamber International). My experience is with the Greater Hartford (Connecticut) Jaycees. We are the largest chapter in the United States as of February 2004. In my first years of being a Jaycee, I realized that I was a leader. I had the drive or ambition to lead. I learned through the Jaycees to be more organized, to plan events (timelines are good things), to develop relationship among members, and how to better relate to the office staff. I learned some amazing skills: how to publish a newsletter, to run computer software, to hammer a nail into a set for a Haunted House, to help build a house for Habitat for Humanity. I learned you need laughter in your daily life and time management skills. I learned about international food and cultures and how to write a chairmans planning guide (basically a business plan that the Jaycees use to run an event/project). In the Jaycees, there are State, National, and International Conferences. This has been a great opportunity for me to pick up or refine leadership skills, even learning Roberts Rules of Order, as well as to travel a bit. Remember, learning to be a leader or part of mentorship program can be done in a fun atmosphere. I have learned wonderful leadership skills while having fun and helping out the community. The Greater Hartford Jaycee website is http://www.greaterhartfordjaycees.org/ and the United States Jaycees website is http://www.usjaycees.org/. Opportunities for Leadership Skills Academic and Professional Committees Charitable Organizations (i.e. March of Dimes, American Diabetes Assoc.) Junior Chamber of Commerce Kiwanis Club Library Boards Lions Club (your Jaycees years of services carry over) Political Committees Rotary Club Sorority or Fraternal Organizations Opportunities for Mentoring Get involved with a professional organization that is in your specialty of library science, or in an area of library science that you want to work in the future. Some work-related organizations include American Library Association, Special Library Association, Association for College and Research Libraries and State Library Association. My experience again: I am on the CT Library Associations Committee Reference and Adult Services. These associations are places where you can find both leadership positions and someone to mentor you. CT Library Association has a wonderful mentoring program that I went through a couple years ago. American Association of Health Science Libraries The American Association of Health Science Libraries (AAHSL), in conjunction with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), has started a leadership program for its members. The program includes travel money to spend two weeks with a mentor, attend continuing education classes and more. AAHSL is in its second year of the program. The program is set up so that the emerging leaders learn the following: Introduce emerging academic health sciences library leaders to leadership theory and practical tools for implementing change at organizational and professional levels. Develop meaningful professional relationships between fellows and mentors that give fellows access to career guidance and support. Expose fellows to another academic health sciences library under the guidance of their mentors. Examine career development and provide models of directors to potential future academic health sciences library directors. Create a cohort of learners who will draw upon each other for support throughout their careers. Offer recognition to emerging leaders. The NLM/AAHSL Leadership Fellows Program comprises six components over a one-year time frame: a one-day opening Orientation Session, an ongoing Mentoring relationship, a half-day Leadership Institute, a two-week Library Site Visit, three short, self-paced Web-based Courses on selected leadership topics, and a two- to three-day Capstone Event. For more information about the NLM/AAHSL program, schedule and application go to http://www.arl. org/olms/fellows/. American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) The Mentoring and Retention committee plans and implements programs designed to provide a network through which the newer members of AALL, and members contemplating job changes or desiring career guidance, can establish personal contact with experienced law librarians who can serve as resources for information and advise on the profession and the Association. In addition, this committee plans, promotes, and presents the Annual Conference of Newer Law Librarians (CONELL). For a roster and other information about AALL go to http://www.aallnet.org/committee/menret_com.asp. Connecticut Library Association The Connecticut Library Association has a mentoring and protà ©gà © program. The CLA website for mentoring program is http://cla.uconn.edu/new/mentor1r.doc. The website explains why the mentoring program was started. It also defines the difference between protà ©gà © and a mentor. A protà ©gà © should expect: 1. a role model. 2. to learn how the library field functions. 3. to make contacts with other individuals in the profession. 4. help in defining career objectives. 5. specialized information and help. 6. the chance to learn from the mentors experience. 7. a way to gather information about other areas of librarianship. 8. more confidence and problem-solving skills. The mentor can expect: 1. new opportunities for challenge. 2. career enrichment. 3. enhanced self-esteem and reputation. 4. opportunities to share knowledge and expertise. 5. a revitalized interest in work. 6. professional satisfaction. The CLA website also list information about CLA committees, scholarships and calendar of programs. You can join a committee, such as Childrens, Reference and Adult Services, Support Staff, and College and University. A member can also assist with the annual conference. This is a wonderful way to ease into leadership roles. Check out your local and state library associations. CLA website is http://cla. uconn.edu. American Library Association On the ALA website, you can find the Spectrum Initiative section for a mentoring and networks. This is the formal training program. The website is http://www.ala.org/ala/diversity/spectrum/spectruminitiative. htm and then click on Mentoring and Networks under Diversity. Currently, the mentoring portion of the website is not available. Special Libraries Association If you are a member of SLA, there is a mentoring program for you. There are many state chapters that have mentoring programs. You can explore SLA website at http://www.sla.org. Association of College and Research Libraries The University of Georgia gives articles, websites, library organizations and associations, forum recommendations, and mentoring programs at specific libraries. I found out that Special Libraries Association has a mentoring program for librarians in the areas of physic, mathematics and astronomy. Take a look at http://www.libs.uga.edu/mentor/resources.html. Academic Libraries Academic Libraries has a bibliography of mentoring articles and websites at http://www.nsula. edu/watson_library/acrl/bonnetteAcademicBib.htm. There are many leadership and mentoring opportunities in our communities. Look within your library setting/organization. Explore your options in library associations, civic organizations, charitable organizations and community library boards. Use what is available to you to gain the necessary skills.

Man and Nature in Norman Macleans book, Young Men and Fire Essay

Man and Nature in Norman Maclean's book, Young Men and Fire Norman Maclean's book, Young Men and Fire, recreates the tragedy of the Mann Gulch fire. His ambition to have this lamentable episode of history reach out and touch his readers triumphs in extolling the honor and respect deserved by the thirteen smoke jumpers who died. This book is a splendid tribute to the courageous efforts of such men, as well as a landmark, reminding mankind to heed the unpredictable behavior and raw power of nature. Deep in the midst of the Mann Gulch valley in Montana, above the densely wooded forest and below the towering precipices lies the fast-burning cheat grass, home to twelve of the thirteen dead smoke jumpers. The smoke jumpers were an elite group of the United States Forest Service's firefighters compiled in 1940, and their mission was to parachute from the open sky down unto the fires to extinguish them before they became too large. Triggered during a lightning storm the previous day, the Mann Gulch fire didn't pose a threat until the afternoon of August 5, 1949, when the thermostat reached its summertime peak and the various crosswinds from the three surrounding rivers began to whirl and swell up the fire. Before the big "blowup" occurred, the smoke jumper crew was dropped down unto the fire led by their foreman Wag Dodge to quench the fire's thirst. The recapitulation of events which Maclean embarks the reader on traces the perseverance, endurance, and fortitude of the crew as they raced for life against the ever-raging wall of fire roaring behind them. Maclean utilizes various fragments of factual interviews, personal observation, theoretical fire science, and his own distinct exploration to compose this "factual fabricati... ... its ashes, and as the biblical phrase goes, "ashes to ashes, dust to dust" Dodge literally was resurrected from a certain death. Maclean wanted to know so much, each detail, in order to reconstruct the tragedy. It is remarkable how his determination to "tell this story" sustained him over the fourteen years he devoted to this project. Maclean writes like a true master. His story creates its own rhythm, and the reader is captivated by his masterful storytelling. He retells the same strain of thoughts, with slight variations on his theme, much like the repetitiveness of a musical composer's refrain. Maclean's "Young Men and Fire" makes the reader vicariously experience the inexplicable pain and suffering of the crew and relatives. In this respect, Maclean has forever engraved this misfortune into my mind, and through this magnificent tale, the dead live on. Â  

The Future :: Argumentative Persuasive Science Papers

The Future It is by following clues that we make discoveries, not by reasoning inductively. Now some people would accept this view but nevertheless argue that in science we cannot avoid reasoning inductively. For , , they say, suppose we have discovered a law of nature—let us say the law that all metals expand when heated. Now in saying that this is a law of nature we are saying that it holds not only in the past but also in the future. If it is a law of nature that all metals expand when heated, then metals will expand when heated not just today but also tomorow. But how do we know they will expand tomorow? Tomorow has not yet come. If we know, we can only know by reasoning inductively (they say). The law has held in the past; therefore it will hold in the future. Reasoning from the past to the future is inductive reasoning. In this paper I want to respond to this argument. My point will be, there is no need to reason inductively even in science. To help make my point I will draw on three examples. Example 1: Station A Suppose you crack ciphers. You have been intercepting messages from a radio station which you have called Station A. The messages transmited by Station A are encrypted by a cipher which you have already broken, a cipher which for your own convenience you have called Cipher X. Because you have already broken Cipher X, for the past six months you have been able to read every single message sent out by Station A. This morning you have intercepted another message. You have not deciphered it yet ... How are you going to decipher your new message? Are you going to decipher it by using Cipher X, the cipher you have broken and which Station A has been using these past six months? I think you are likely to say, 'Of course! ' So you will decipher the new message using Cipher X, as I too if I were in your position. Let us now go over the situation again. You have broken Cipher X. You have been deciphering all messages from Station A using Cipher X. You are now about to decipher this newly intercepted message by using Cipher X. Now considering what you have done and what you are about to do, can we infer that you are reasoning inductively?

Illegal Street Racing Essay -- Descriptive Racing Car Essays

Illegal Street Racing Vivid moonlight, dim city, slight overcast on the noxious night. Cool breeze blows over your sweltering body. Heart racing, sweat pouring, adrenaline pumping through the body like gas through the engine of a car. Body trembling, hands shaking, eyes twitching, foot uneasy as beady eyes observe your every move. Thunderous noise coming from the crowd, situation getting heavier the closer you get to the line. Tension raised to the max as time draws nearer†¦.5-0 no where to be found, time to go. Moment of truth draws near, one hand rises, heartbeat rises with it. Second hand rises, heartbeat rises even more with it. The body tightens up; the mind focuses as you get ready. Hands drop just as fast as your foot drops to the floor. Loud squealing coming from behind you, body is thrown back, scenery passing by, quickly becoming a blur. Hands in a death-grip, body is pulsating, mind is clear, feeling of freedom overcomes. Focus quickly turns to mirror to glance at opponent just as quick as it focuses back. Eyes now focused on goal ahead, body also feeling the closeness of the goal. Embracing of the feeling, then silence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Triumph, glory comes as the moment ends and the mind and body slowly returns back to normal. Now comes the return to the real world. What you have just experienced is a driver’s perception of an illegal street race. This is done to set a base as to why drivers even do it. Street racers live and thrive for those couple of seconds while racing. It is their way of escape from the world around them. It is their way to get away from their everyday jobs and to do something that they love the most. They are not like the regular people that do average things to get away and escape. ... ... them to find ways to race while a safe supervised place to race will bring in some of the racers but not all of the them. Racing on a track is not the same as racing on the street. The street racing experience is a one of a kind and always will be. Works Cited Amijo, Mark. Pros Want to Curb Illegal Street Racing. 6 Mar. 2004. 28 Mar. 2004 NHRA. Illegal Racing Stats. 2003. 28 Mar. 2004 Rendon, Paul-Mark. â€Å"THE THRILL THAT KILLS.† Maclean's 114.38 (Sept. 17, 2001): 36-39. Academic Search Premier. 28 Mar. 2004 Warner, Fara. Driving; Too Fast. Too Furious. Too Old?. 7 Nov. 2003. 28 Mar. 2004

Syllabus Notes on Rome: The Augustan Age

Syllabus Notes Rome: The Augustan Age 44BC – AD14 1Establishment of the Principate Impact of the Death of Caesar – Republic government = Senate. – Julius assassinated seen to be becoming dictator. – Wealth + position left to Octavian. – Political heirs thought to be Antony (other consul) and Lepidus (master of horses/ assistant to dictator) – Ant in charge (abolishes dictatorship) > Lep: pontifex maximus in Spain Early Career of Octavian -Speech @ nan’s funeral Education + military training from Caesar > hears of father’s death AVENGE -Pays 75 denarii w. own $ & hosts games (comet = soul of Caesar) -Puts army together & gets imperium to defeat Ant in Gaul > Decimus Brutus given triumph Second Triumvirate and Civil War -Joins Ant works & Lepidus where interests lie (triumvirate) power of dictator, against Republicans -Senate & Cicero reject demands for consulship, Oct seizes control; prepares for war (against assasins: Brutus & C assius) -Proscriptions – Cicero > escapees joined Pompieus Battle of Phillipi: Reps defeated- triumvirs divide empire -Treaty of Brudism: war risk> Ant marries Octavia> further division -Treaty of Misenum: Pirate Pompieus gets 3 area after stopping corn. Archaea proconsul. -Ant marries Cleo> end of Triumvirate Consequences and Significance of the Battle of Actium -Civil uproar @ Ant’s propaganda (Ant’s will) -Blockade (w. Agrippa) Cleo & Ant escape leave fleet behind- later commit suicide -Troops demobilized Egypt annexed to Rome> pays off campaigns, triumph + adorns Rome -Oct establishes authority in East & put in prayers and liberations -Temple of Janus closed after 200yrs: PEACE Development of the Principate: Settlements of 27 and 23 BC -Puts aside powers granted to him> looks like Senate is in control -Became Princeps (1st citizen) others held title before -1ST SETTLEMENT: Procunsular Imperium Consul â€Å"Augustus† -2ND SETTLEMENT: Procunsular maius Imperium Tribunica Potestas Titles, Honours and Images Propaganda> associates himself with victories, religion, heirs, peace -All over the empire- promote himself, looks like he does a lot for the people: prima porta -Didn’t use title a lot- makes him seem too powerful Syllabus Notes Rome: The Augustan Age 44BC – AD14 2The Augustan Principate Augustus and the Senate: Roles and Responsibilities -Augustus treated the Senate with respect (example of JC), he was fair -shared the work not power -Army, honours & ‘auctoritas’ helped Aug control Senate -Unsuitable members removed 3 times (1000 to 600) and fewer sessions -Members had to have: hereditary link or favour from Aug.Monetary qualification -Hereditary members: broad purple stripe â€Å"New Men†: narrow purple stripe -Senatorial provinces were peaceful> Imperial provinces (Aug) were ‘armed’ -Consilium principas council that advised Aug- 20 senators and family members Roles of Magistrate s and Officials -Positions held status & power- cursus honorum – leads to other opportunities -Aediles lost popularity and responsibilities: grain supply, aqueducts, fire brigade -Aug approve/reject candidates for positions due to autoritas -Consulship reduced to 6 months -New committees> used senior men more specific jobs, quality of work improved

Informal Speech Outline

First man in spot Topic Yuri Gagarin General Purpose To aver Specific Purpose To inform my consultation ab out low gear objet dart who escape Earths gravity and appeared in plaza. Thesis Gagarin was to be the very fresh worldly concern man being in musculus quadriceps femoris. founding Attention Getter What would you think if I intercommunicate who was the stolon man in topographic point? First idea is Neil Armstrong? Isnt it? muchover what if I say that there was spaceman from Soviet Union who traveled in space whizz socio-economic class preceding? Significance of Topic Sounds not familiar?Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made accounting on April 12, 1961 when he became both the premier person in the world to insert space and the first person to eye socket the Earth. Establishment of Ethos Since childhood, this man was a hoagy of mine thats why I decided to investigate his biography more detailed. Thesis Gagarin was to be the very first man being in space. daw dler Statement So today we exit go on tour to the spacecraft and take a look at Yuri Gagarins spirit scope, his road in becoming a cosmonaut, and the historic feather itself. (Transition So lets fount our trip by finding out Yuri Gagarins action background. Body I. accord to article Life and demolition of Yuri Gagarin make in Engineering and Technology powder store on April 2011, Yuri Gagarin was born in present 9, 1934 in a small village west of Moscow in Russia (then cognise as the Soviet Union). Yuri was the third of four-spot children and spent his childhood on a collective farm where his father, Alexey Gagarin, worked as a carpenter and bricklayer and his mother, Anna Gagarina, worked as a milkmaid. A. bid millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World struggle II. After a German police officer took over their ouse, the family constructed a small stiff hut where they spent a year and nine months until the e nd of the occupation. 1. Life was ticklish during the war and the Gagarins were kicked out of their home and go to another city. B. When Yuri was fifteen he entered a vocational trail and learned to be a metalworker. 1. In ii years as the best student he was sent to continue his study to Saratov higher(prenominal) technical school. a. While studying there, he joined the Aero Club where he deft to fly an aircraft. b. This hobby predetermined his approaching charge Gagarin decided to devote his life to aviation.C. In 1955 he enrolled into the Russian agate line suck up and two years after graduated with honors from the Soviet Air Force Academy. 1. However, while Gagarin enjoyed being a hotshot pilot, what he really cute to do was to go to space. a. Since he had been following the Soviet Unions progress in space safety valve, he was confident that soon they would be send a man into space. b. He wanted to be that man. (Transition Now that we k today life background of Yuri G agarin, lets move to a how Yuri became a cosmonaut. ) II. His desire was so strong that in 1960 he applied to be a cosmonaut. A.According to First man in space published in About. com on may 5,2010, Yuri Gagarin was just nonpareil of 3,000 applicants to be the first Soviet cosmonaut. 1. Out of this large meter of applicants, just 20 were chosen and Gagarin was one of the 20. B. During the extensive physical and psychological interrogatory required of the chosen cosmonaut trainees, Gagarin excelled at the tests while maintaining a calm look as well as his consciousness of humor and readiness to the upcoming flight. 1. Later, Gagarin would be chosen to be the first man into space because of these skills. (Transition Now lets take a look at the historic flight itself) III.So on April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin boarded Vostok 1 (the name of the spaceship) at the Baikonur Cosmodrome located in Kazakhstan. A. Although he was in full trained for the care, but no one knew if it was goin g to be a advantage or a failure. Gagarin was to be the very first human being in space, truly going where no man had gone before. B. Gagarin was rocketed into space, using an automated system. 1. Gagarin was not given the control to the spacecraft during his mission because scientists were worried about the psychological set up of being in space it wasnt discovered by that time. C.After entering space, Gagarin undefiled a single orbit around Earth. The spaceships top press forward reached 17,600 miles per hour. At the end of the orbit, spaceship reentered the Earths atmosphere. 1. Gagarin was in space exactly 108 minutes circled the integral globe. 2. Right before he landed, a farmer and her daughter spotted Gagarin float down with his parachute. a. Once on the ground, Gagarin, change in an orange spacesuit and wearing a large white helmet, Gagarin terrified two women and it took him a few minutes to dispose them that he is a human, not an outlander and to direct him to t he nearest phone.D. For this accomplishment Gagarin was awarded ornamentation and title hero of Soviet Union. 1. Yuri Gagarins successful flight into space paved the way for all future space exploration. Conclusion Summary Statement So, now you know a life background of Yuri Gagarin, his road in becoming a cosmonaut and his historic flight. References Bizony, Piers, (April, 2011). Life and Death of Yuri Gagarin. Engineering & Technology. 31 (2), pp. 35-37 Rosenberg, Jennifer (May 5, 2010). The First Man in Space. Available at http//history1900s. about. com/od/1960s/a/yurigagarin. htm. Last Accessed manifest 15, 2013.